_Resumen_ _ _ El presente trabajo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre el carácter filosófico del pensar andino abyayalense, explicitar las características de una racionalidad senti-pensante y relacional que superan las metafísicas subjetivas y, finalmente, ayudar a construir una epistemología decolonial latinoamericana. El logro de estos objetivos se hará en diálogo con la propuesta de la ontología existencial del filósofo alemán Martín Heidegger. _Palabras Clave: _Pensar, Relacionalidad, Epistemología, Filosofía, Andes. _ _ __ _ _ This paper aims to reflect on the (...) philosophical thinking character of the abyayalense Andean tradition, explain the characteristics of a relational sentient-intelligent rationality, and, finally, help build a Latin American decolonial epistemology. The achievements of these goals will be done in dialogue with existential ontology carried out by the German philosopher Martín Heidegger. _Keywords: _Think, Relatedness, Epistemology, Philosophy, Andean. (shrink)

El presente texto reflexiona sobre la noción de utopía expuesta en la filosofía de la liberación de Franz Hinkelammert. Se exponen las condiciones de posibilidad de la misma y se entiende como totalidad ausente, lo que no hace que no se pueda cumplir, pues es entonces cuando se podrían generar toda suerte de violencias y totalitarismos. En ese sentido, la noción de utopía se convierte en eje fundamental para la transformación de la sociedad. En contraposición a esta aproximación, se describe (...) la manera como la modernidad y la posmodernidad Occidentales han generado un antiutopismo que encubre la posibilidad de otros mundos posibles, lo que no es otra cosa sino la imposición de una única utopía a la luz de la cual todas las otras alternativas utópicas son irracionales e ilusorias. (shrink)

La barrière de séparation qui est en train d’être construite par les Israéliens est désignée de différentes façons : le ministère des Affaires étrangères israélien l’appelle Security Fence ou Anti-Terrorist Fence ; l’Autorité nationale palestinienne, elle, parle de Separation..

Ambiguity, vagueness and metaphor are pervasive features of language, deserving of systematic study in their own right. Yet they have frequently been considered mere deviations from ideal language or obstacles to be avoided in the construction of scientific systems. First published in 1979, Beyond the Letter offers a consecutive study of these features from a philosphical point of view, providing analyses of each and treating their relations to one another. Addressed to the fundamental task of logical and semantic explanation, the (...) book employs an inscriptional methodology in the attempt to avoid prevalent forms of question-begging, and, further, in the conviction that sparseness of assumption often reveals points of theoretical interest irrespective of methodolgical preference. The author distinguishes and analyses several varieties of ambiguity, developing new semantic notions in the process; recasts the philosophical treatment of vagueness in the light of recent criticisms of analyticity; discusses the bearing of vagueness on logic; and provides a systematic critique of major recent interpretations of metaphor, developing a revised version of contextualism. (shrink)

Brutus wanted to kill Caesar. He believed that Caesar was an ordinary mortal, and that, given this, stabbing him (by which we mean plunging a knife into his heart) was a way of killing him. He thought that he could stab Caesar, for he remembered that he had a knife and saw that Caesar was standing next to him on his left, in the Forum. So Brutus was motivated to stab the man to his left. He did so, thereby killing (...) Caesar. (shrink)

We argue that a map is meaningless unless we have a process for using it. Thus, in this paper, we not only offer the world graph as a representation of relationships among situations the animal has encountered and may encounter again, but we also offer algorithms for how the information encoded in the world graph may be used by the animal in determining its behavior. Each node of the graph encodes a recognizable situation in the animal's world, but a given (...) place may well be encoded in a number of different nodes. Nodes not only require algorithms for the recognition of the situation; they store information about drive reduction associated with the encoded situation. We note that the use of graphs as a basis for exploring some search space is well known in artificial intelligence (AI), but we stress the importance of the animal's exploration of its environment for growing the graph, as distinct from the mathematically described potential nodes frequent in AI search spaces. To explore a number of hypotheses about the way information in the world graph is used to guide the animal's movement, we recall a number of classical experiments on maze exploration by animals, and use them to argue for the nonlocal hypothesis (selection of a path does not depend only upon information about the immediate environment of the animal) and the competing nodes hypothesis (more than one drive may enter into the determination of the animal's behavior at any time). An important feature of the model is that it yields exploration and latent learning without the introduction of an exploratory drive. We also note that the performance exhibited by the model appears to be state-dependent when the animal operates under high drive levels. The drive-interaction matrix is offered as a subject for future research.We complement the presentation of the world graph model, its drive dynamics, and how these are constrained by experiments on maze behavior, with a brief analysis of maps in the brain. We distinguish egocentric maps–which we relate to the many visual systems–from allocentric maps. We offer a somewhat unconventional view of short-term and long-term memory. We examine cooperative computation in somatotopically organized networks, relating this to visually guided behavior in the frog, and to the interaction of colliculus and cortex in the control of eye movements. We examine, but do not advocate, the hypothesis that the hippocampus is a cognitive map. We do stress that if it is a cognitive map, it must be seen as a chart of the local neighborhood, rather than the whole atlas; and we note that the cognitive map hypothesis would lead one to expect the region to exhibit activation of place cells before the animal leaves the previous place. (shrink)

First published in 1974, this book is a critical introduction to the work of four quintessential pragmatist philosophers: Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, George Herbert Mead and John Dewey. Alongside providing a general historical and biographical account of the pragmatist movement, the work offers an in depth critical response to the philosophical doctrines of the four main thinkers of the pragmatist movement, with reference to the theories of meaning, knowledge and conduct which have come to define pragmatism.

This paper suggests a framework for determining the ethicality of disguised and obtrusive advertising. While most discussions of advertising ethics deal with deception or fraud, the proposed framework is based on the way messages are presented to audiences. Suggestions for measurement and future research are given.

El presente trabajo profundiza el estudio de los procesos de aprendizaje del niño asociados a la utilizaciónde nuevas tecnologías (tablet) en el aula. Estudios experimentales y cuasiexperimentales a nivel internacional de la última década analizan el aprendizaje como el aumento y repetición del contenido ofrecido en el dispositivo móvil, omitiendo la experiencia del aprehender o procesos de aprendizaje que permiten la apropiación de dicho conocimiento. Por esta razón se plantean las preguntas: ¿La tablet colabora o irrumpe el acto de aprehender? (...) ¿Es pertinente considerar la tablet como mediadora de los procesos de aprendizaje? Para dar respuesta a estas interrogantes se propuso una investigación cualitativa con un marco teórico psicoanalítico en seis escuelas fiscales del Ecuador. Los resultados permiten identificar al playing (juegos sin regla), concepto propuesto por Winnicott como uno de los elementos centrales en los procesos del aprehender. De ahí que los niños sobrepasan la actividad programada por el software creando figuras y formas en la pantalla, y exploran posibilidades numéricas que les permiten pensar más allá de la actividad propuesta en la tablet. También, se ha identificado que es el docente quien facilita los procesos de aprendizaje: los niños acuden a él a mostrarle los resultados, usan sus palabras y ritmos para resolver las tareas que se les solicita a través del uso de la tablet. Se concluye que el vínculo educativo en los procesos de aprendizaje frente al uso de tecnologías es significativo, ubicando al docente como mediador y a la tablet como un posible intermediario. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo, busco clarificar algunos aspectos de la teoría del nombre de fray Luis de León contenida al comienzo de De los nombres de Cristo mediante una comparación con obras de lógica escolástica, particularmente las Summulae de Pedro Hispano y el tratado homónimo de Domingo de Soto. Procuraré mostrar que dicha teoría solo puede comprenderse acabadamente desde esta perspectiva, sin negar la relevancia de otras, en una medida mayor que la que hasta ahora han presentado los investigadores. Me (...) ocuparé especialmente de la presencia de los conceptos de “término simple”, “suppositio” y “significatio”, y del modo en que fray Luis los articula de tal forma que resulten claramente reconocibles en sus detalles por quien está versado en ellos y, al mismo tiempo, pone su sentido filosófico originario al servicio de la intención fundamental de su obra.In this article, I seek to clarify some features of fray Luis de León ’s theory of names which he presents in a passage at the beginning of De los nombres de Cristo by making a comparison between thatpassage and some scholastic treatises on logic, especially the Summulae by Peter of Spain and the homonymous work by Domingo de Soto. Specifically, I expect to show that the theory can be fully understood only on these grounds. I shall dealparticularly with the concepts of “simple term”, “suppositio” and “significatio”, and the way in which fray Luis articulates them, with the result that the scholastic elements can be clearly recognized by those who are acquainted with them and, at the same time, contribute with their essentialphilosoph- ical meaning to the fundamental objectives of the work. (shrink)

Se compara la doctrina de Suárez sobre la causalidad de la voluntad con la de Domingo de Soto. Esto implica compararla también con algunas de las tesis de santo Tomás y de Duns Escoto, pues estos autores medievales son las principales referencias de ambos autores al respecto. Se concluye que Suárez adhiere fundamentalmente a santo Tomás, pero de acuerdo a la interpretación que de él encuentra en Domingo de Soto.

Neil MacCormick says that his "version of institutional theory" about the law 'is "non positivist", or, if you wish, "post-positivist"'. He is aware, however, that his work could be perfectly labelled, from the point of view of the history of legal and moral thought, as a form of natural law theory, at least by those who adhere to some version of natural law. It is an important merit of MacCormick that, rising above the label walls and wars, his theory of (...) law has taken into account the main insights of the great authors belonging to both traditions, such as Hans Kelsen and Herbert Hart, on the so-called "positivist" side, and some authors in the Thomistic tradition, particularly John Finnis, as well as "the writings of seventeenth and eighteenth century jurists concerning natural jurisprudence and the law of nature", on the so-called "natural law" side. Writing with such openness to all sources and insights, Neil MacCormick, one of the most eminent legal philosophers of our time, does not surprise us when he chooses to end his lifetime's work with an attempt to dig into the ethical foundations of all that he has written on law and politics. Practical Reason in Law and Morality is, in a way, his most significant book. He tackles here the deeper issues that he himself realised were left open and uncertain in his salient works on legal theory. He considered this book as the last one in a quartet on "Law, State, and Practical Reason". The quartet itself has become the culmination of a life devoted to the common good, in academia and in politics, among many other endeavours. Notwithstanding its flaws, I am convinced that Neil MacCormick's last book can be illuminating for all those students, and even professors, who go about doing legal philosophy without ever reading anything antedating Hart's Concept of Law. They tend to be confused by sophisticated forms of scepticism, luxurious discussions on law and morality and metaethics, and all sorts of distrust of truth in practical matters. Hence they will surely benefit from reading how a great legal philosopher of our time, once equally confused but always honestly open to rational deliberation and fair discussion, freed himself of at least half of his misunderstandings, and learned a lot by reading some natural law theorists old and new. (shrink)

This paper shows how the republican model of Cicero has been transmitted fragmentarily, through the Italian civic humanist tradition (Maquiavelo), the English republican humanism of XVI, XVII and XVIII centuries, and the republicanism of the American patriots, ("neo-republicanism"). The proposals of Pettit and Brugger are analyzed, and a great variety of positions that some consider "republican" are summarily reckoned. Finally, it is maintained that the classic republican model is present in a very fragmented way in contemporary political theories, for these (...) theories are incapable to accept some strong anthropological, ethical and metaphysical theses. Cicero's model of republicanism appears to us like in a large scale copy or replica, precisely in the political and legal reality of the contemporary world, in its practices and institutions, and in the political function of its theoretical reflections. (shrink)

Tras un breve recuerdo del debate centenario sobre la filosofía cristiana, el autor discute la nueva propuesta de Alasdair MacIntyre de mejorar una «filosofía católica» en el contexto de nuestra moderna crisis en la relación entre fe y razón. El autor comparte el diagnóstico sobre nuestra situación presente en las universidades de investigación y sobre su exclusión pragmática de la filosofía y la teología, las cuales, en el mejor caso, son reducidas a disciplinas especializadas sin relevancia para otras disciplinas, y, (...) en la mayoría de los casos, son simplemente expulsadas del ámbito de la investigación científica. La propuesta dialéctica de MacIntyre en Tres versiones rivales de la ética y en Dios, Filosofía, Universidades, aparte de otras obras menores, se examina críticamente y se presenta como una forma nueva de comprometer a los pensadores católicos y no católicos en una confrontación abierta y fructífera, en lugar de nuestro confinamiento actual en mundos cerrados de investigación falsamente científica. After a brief recollection of the century long debate about Christian philosophy, the author discusses Alasdair Maclntyre’s new proposal to enhance a «Catholic philosophy» in the context of our modern crisis of the relationship between faith and reason. The author shares the diagnosis about our present daj situation of research universities and their pragmatic exclusion of philosophy and theology, which, in the best case, are reduced to specialized disciplines with no import for other disciplines, and, in most cases, are just expelled from the realm of scientfic research. Maclntyre’s dialectical proposal in «Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry» and in «God, Philosophy Universities», and in some other minor works, is critically examined and presented as a new way to engage Catholic and non Catholic thinkers in an open and fruitful confrontation, in stead of our present confinement in closed worlds of falsely scientific research. (shrink)

The article examines H.L.A. Hart's most important texts on classical natural law theory in order to assess his understanding of that theory. The author considers first the way of presenting the two meanings of the theory of natural law (namely, moral objectivity and the union of law and morals). Afterwards, he analyzes Hart's thought on the first thesis, especially on the teleology of human nature; then on the second one, especially on the meaning of the invalidity of unjust laws. In (...) both cases, the author compares Hart's understanding with the self understanding of natural lawyers, referring preferably to Aquinas and Finnis. The conclusion is that Hart misunderstood classical natural law theory in such a way that it warranted the suspicion that he did not have a first hand acquaintance with that theory. (shrink)

El estudio de la obra del jesuita chileno Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829), especialmente desde la historiografía chilena, ha acusado una importante miopía crítica respecto del naturalista que constantemente ha sido considerado, con bastante ligereza, como el “primer científico chileno”. La importancia fundamental del exilio como vocación científica, las controversias europeas sobre el Nuevo Mundo y las condiciones institucionales y mecanismos políticos que permitieron el desarrollo del conocimiento científico a fines del siglo XVIII son elementos que no han sido integrados en (...) el análisis de la obra del naturalista chileno quien llegó a integrar la Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna. Por tanto, la propuesta de análisis histórico de este artículo busca romper con la historiografía apologética para presentar la obra y la figura del jesuita chileno en un contexto histórico amplio y que, en un intento de entregar respuestas alternativas, muestra parte de los problemas políticos y epistemológicos que influyeron en la elaboración del pensamiento científico del naturalista chileno. (shrink)

This article presents the theories of some of the main professors at the University of Salamanca of the second half of the XVIth century about the way in which all the perfections of the creatures are present in God. It will be shown that there is a subjacent difficulty along the development of the ideas of these authors that consists in the harmonization of two thesis apparently opposed to each other, namely, the infinity of God’s perfection and the existence of (...) other perfections than that. To do so, in the first place, the study presents the historical context; secondly, it shows the sense of the difficulty or “aporia”; thirdly, it explains their ideas concerning the usual concepts of pure and mixed perfections and of formal and eminent modes of possessing a perfection; finally, it shows the way in which they deal with a question that obliges to face the problem in a radical way, criticizing the solution by Durand de Saint Pourçain. (shrink)

El silencio y la noche El silencio de la noche es el albergue del olvido, la intimidad de un agua trasegando el tiempo y la piel. “La noche es muda”, dice León de Greiff, en la noche el mundo de la razón calla, se levanta otra voz, la voz sin rostro, la voz que se pone máscaras en el día. El silencio sonoro de la noche abre la puerta a “la lejana”, y es en la noche cuando nos sentimos valientes, (...) porque no desistimos del día, porque tenemos el valor de levantarnos, y darle la piel una vez más al alba. (shrink)

The platonic ideas attribution into God’s mind creates a problem, namely: how to speak about “divine attributes” without put multiplicity into the divine simple substance? From this problem, this paper aims to show how Luis de Léon is between Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus.

Mixing Actor-Network Theory, empirical philosophy, and Heidegger’s notion of usability, this paper discusses a methodological strategy for approaching and temporarily stabilizing urban life based on an experimental epistemological exercise of decomposing a traffic light in Times Square, New York City, into its practices and relations. This strategy conceives of urban elements and formations as multiplicities of multiple and simultaneous practices and materials (useful things) and pays particular attention to the effervescences and heterogeneous associations they embody and enact. As a contribution (...) to the social approach of knowledge production, this essay explores the creation of concepts using any aspects and components taken from outside, unpacking them as analytical instruments and partial results of multimodal ethnographic practices. In a more concrete scenario, Region of usefulness, a sort of qualitative multiplicity, is proposed here as an unfinished epistemological tool for empirically grasping and representing urban life. It is unfinished since it has to be constantly reconstructed and resignified in relation to other elements and, at the same time, it has to be designed and assembled by following and translating those mixed associations composing urban life, using its modes and affordances as analytical resources for producing objective knowledge, that is, limited, embodied, and temporal. (shrink)

La justicia social internacional.--La participación política en América Latina.--Apuntes acerca de la dialéctica democracia-autoritarismo en América Latina.

Although well established in developed countries, Ethics review boards in the academia, and specifically for social and behavioral sciences (SBS) research, is a relatively new, and still a controversy inducing endeavor. This study explores the establishment and functioning of ERBs in Israeli academia, serving as a case study for the challenges and progress made in ensuring ethical research practices in non-medical related spheres. A purposeful sample of 46 participants was selected, comprising ERB current or past members and SBS researchers, who (...) each interacted extensively with ERB’s evaluation processes. The participants came from all eight research universities of Israel, as well as seven large public and private academic colleges. Open, semi structured In-depth interviews were conducted in order to facilitate a critical reflective stance among the various participants, exploring their experiences, behaviors and the meanings they assign to ERB processes. Our research revealed two major themes. The first is the developmental trajectories in the construction processes of ERBs in Israel, comprised of the following stages: Initiation, expansion, opposition, and acceptance and assimilation. The second was a typology of participation throughout the ERBs’ construction process. Inspired by Merton’s strain theory, this typology includes conformists, ritualists, ideologists, control-freaks, and insurgents. The findings expose a unique perspective into the initiation, establishment, and development of ERBs, which can shed light on the role of ERBs in general, as well as point out how resistance to ERBs, as well as the different reasons for championing them, affected not only ERBs form and their legitimacy, but also their interaction with researchers. (shrink)

Contiene tres trabajos sobre Arturo Ardao: sobre la noción de sujeto (Yamandú Acosta); sobre la interpretación de Andrés Bello (Arturo A. Roig); y sobre su libro Filosofía de lengua española (ver HLAS 36:5047). Mencionamos algunas de las otras contribuciones: el tema de la historia de la filosofía latinoamericana (Horacio Cerutti Guldberg); el batllismo (Manuel A. Claps); el tema de Calibán (Roberto Fernández Retamar); el pensamiento de Pedro Figari (Juan Fló); la universidad latinoamericana en el siglo XVIII (Gregorio Weinberg); (...) el pensamiento socialista en el Uruguay (Carlos Zubillaga). Es de lamentar que no se agregara al volumen una bibliografía de Ardao"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58. (shrink)

Comment le peuple juif fut inventé2 s’ouvre par les lignes suivantes : « Le présent ouvrage n’est pas une œuvre de pure fiction ; c’est un texte d’histoire. Toutefois, il commencera par plusieurs récits dont la source se trouve dans une mémoire mêlée de pas mal d’imaginaire. On sait que dans les coulisses de l’écriture scientifique..

El culto a la diosa Isis, de origen egipcio aunque helenizado a partir del dominio macedónico, se expande por el mundo grecorromano hasta abarcar un espacio geográfico muy amplio, como nunca antes había conocido. Los testimonios literarios que se refieren a él en época altoimperial son abundantes y de distinta naturaleza, desde descripciones precisas de elementos clave hasta escritos hostiles por parte de autores cristianos con una intencionalidad muy clara. El análisis pormenorizado de estos textos se antoja necesario si se (...) quiere llegar a conocer el estado en el que se encuentra el culto isíaco en un período como el Alto Imperio. (shrink)

O presente artigo situa a ociosidade como tema de filosofia política junto à análise da noção de instituições ociosas, a partir das Considerações sobre o Governo da Polônia, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Nesse contexto, em que a ociosidade aparece numa reflexão acerca da natureza da constituição política, o foco da questão é um problema inerente à atividade legislativa: "como incutir a lei nos corações dos cidadãos?". Na abordagem desse problema, destaca-se a reflexão acerca do problema do mal da elusão da lei (...) e, em especial, da proposta de remédio, que avança em relação à superficialidade e à cegueira da visão na qual o tempo do ócio se afigura apenas como intervalo inútil. Na perspectiva rousseauniana aqui desenvolvida, a questão do ócio prende-se à da manipulação dos sentimentos de sociabilidade civil por meio de cerimoniais ociosos que o legislador deve considerar em face do extraordinário poder das instituições ociosas como recursos de fortalecimento da lei. (shrink)

Living in rural areas has been described as a driver for behaving in a pro-environmental way, mainly due to the more frequent contact with nature that people from rural areas have. However, the processes that link living in a rural area and behaving in a more ecological manner have not been systematically studied. Moreover, most studies have focused on adults living in developed countries. Given the importance that the actions conducted by people in developing countries have for the future of (...) the environment, as well as the relevance of children’s pro-environmentalism for nature conservation, we present a brief research report examining the relationship between Mexican children’s place of residence and self-reported pro-environmental behavior. Participants were 200 children from Mexican rural areas (less than 1.000 inhabitants) and 200 from a Mexican urban city (more than 150.000 inhabitants). Children were between 9 and 12 years old. Children’s connection to nature was considered as a mediator in the relationship between children’s place of residence and pro-environmental behavior. Our findings revealed that rural children hold a stronger sense of connection to nature and behave in a more pro-environmental way than urban children. In addition, the place of residence was directly and positively linked to their pro-environmental behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by children’s connection to nature. The relationship between connection to nature and pro-environmental behavior was stronger for girls than for boys. The model explained 45% of the variance of children’s self-reported pro-environmental behaviors. (shrink)